Pterosaurs - The Flying Reptiles - Evolution

Pterosaurs - The Flying Reptiles - Evolution Pterosaurs (winged reptiles) hold an exceptional spot throughout the entire existence of life on earth: they were the main animals, other than creepy crawlies, to effectively populate the skies. The development of pterosaurs generally resembled that of their earthly cousins, the dinosaurs, as the little, basal types of the late Triassic time frame step by step offered approach to greater, further developed structures in the Jurassic and Cretaceous. (See a total, start to finish rundown of pterosaurs.) Before we continue, however, its essential to address one significant confusion. Scientistss have discovered unquestionable evidence that cutting edge flying creatures are plunged not from pterosaurs, however from little, feathered, land-bound dinosaurs (actually, on the off chance that you could some way or another think about the DNA of a pigeon, a Tyrannosaurus Rex and a Pteranodon, the initial two would be more firmly identified with one another than either would be to the third). This is a case of what scholars call united advancement: nature has a method of finding similar arrangements (wings, empty bones, and so on.) to a similar issue (how to fly). The First Pterosaurs Similar to the case with dinosaurs, scientistss dont yet have enough proof to recognize the single old, non-dinosaur reptile from which all pterosaurs advanced (the absence of a missing linksay, an earthly archosaur with half-created folds of skinmay be delighting to creationists, however you need to recollect that fossilization involves possibility. Most ancient species arent spoke to in the fossil record, basically in light of the fact that they kicked the bucket in conditions that didnt take into consideration their conservation.) The primary pterosaurs for which we have fossil proof prospered during the center to late Triassic period, around 230 to 200 million years back. These flying reptiles were described by their little size and long tails, just as dark anatomical highlights (like the bone structures in their wings) that recognized them from the further developed pterosaurs that followed. These rhamphorhynchoid pterosaurs, as theyre called, incorporate Eudimorphodon (probably the most punctual pterosaur known), Dorygnathus and Rhamphorhynchus, and they continued into the right on time to center Jurassic period. One issue with recognizing the rhamphorhynchoid pterosaurs of the late Triassic and early Jurassic time frames is that most examples have been uncovered in current England and Germany. This isnt on the grounds that early pterosaurs jumped at the chance to summer in western Europe; rather, as clarified above, we can just discover fossils in those regions that loaned themselves to fossil development. There may well have been tremendous populaces of Asian or North American pterosaurs, which may (or may not) have been anatomically particular from the ones with which were natural. Later Pterosaurs By the late Jurassic time frame, rhamphorhynchoid pterosaurs had been basically supplanted by pterodactyloid pterosaurslarger-winged, shorter-followed flying reptiles exemplified by the notable Pterodactylus and Pteranodon. (The soonest recognized individual from this gathering, Kryptodrakon, lived around 163 million years back.) With their bigger, increasingly flexibility wings of skin, these pterosaurs had the option to skim farther, quicker, and higher up in the sky, plunging down like birds to cull fish off the outside of seas, lakes and streams. During the Cretaceous time frame, pterodactyloids took after dinosaurs in one significant regard: an expanding pattern toward gigantism. In the center Cretaceous, the skies of South America were administered by colossal, bright pterosaurs like Tapejara and Tupuxuara, which had wingspans of 16 or 17 feet; still, these huge fliers looked like sparrows close to the genuine goliaths of the late Cretaceous, Quetzalcoatlus and Zhejiangopterus, the wingspans of which surpassed 30 feet (far bigger than the biggest hawks alive today). Heres where we go to another immeasurably significant however. The gigantic size of these azhdarchids (as mammoth pterosaurs are known) has driven a few scientistss to guess that they never really flew. For instance, an ongoing examination of the giraffe-sized Quetzalcoatlus shows that it had some anatomical highlights, (for example, little feet and a solid neck) perfect for following little dinosaurs ashore. Since advancement will in general recurrent similar examples, this would address the humiliating inquiry of why current winged animals have never developed to azhdarchid-like sizes. Regardless, before the finish of the Cretaceous time frame, the pterosaursboth huge and smallwent wiped out alongside their cousins, the earthbound dinosaurs and marine reptiles. Its conceivable that the command of genuine feathered winged animals spelled fate for more slow, less adaptable pterosaurs, or that in the consequence of the K/T Extinction the ancient fish that these flying reptiles benefited from were radically diminished in number. Pterosaur Behavior Beside their relative sizes, the pterosaurs of the Jurassic and Cretaceous time frames contrasted from each other in two significant manners: taking care of propensities and ornamentation. By and large, scientistss can surmise a pterosaurs diet from the size and state of its jaws, and by taking a gander at similar to conduct in present day flying creatures, (for example, pelicans and seagulls). Pterosaurs with sharp, restricted bills in all likelihood remained alive on fish, while irregular genera like Pterodaustro benefited from microscopic fish (this pterosaurs thousand or so minuscule teeth shaped a channel, similar to that of a blue whale) and the fanged Jeholopterus may have sucked dinosaur blood like a vampire bat (however most scientistss excuse this idea). Like current winged creatures, a few pterosaurs additionally had rich ornamentationnot brilliantly shaded quills, which pterosaurs never figured out how to advance, however conspicuous head peaks. For instance, Tupuxuaras adjusted peak was wealthy in veins, a piece of information that it might have changed shading in mating shows, while Ornithocheirus had coordinating peaks on its upper and lower jaws (however its hazy if these were utilized for show or taking care of purposes). Generally dubious, however, are the long, hard peaks on the noggins of pterosaurs like Pteranodon and Nyctosaurus. A few scientistss accept that Pteranodons peak filled in as a rudder to help balance out it in flight, while others theorize that Nyctosaurus may have brandished a brilliant sail of skin. Its an engaging thought, however some streamlined features specialists question that these adjustments could have been genuinely useful. Pterosaur Physiology The key attribute that recognized pterosaurs from land-bound feathered dinosaurs that developed into flying creatures was the idea of their wings which comprised of wide folds of skin associated with an all-encompassing finger on each hand. Despite the fact that these level, expansive structures gave a lot of lift, they may have been more qualified to aloof coasting than controlled, fluttering flight, as confirm by the strength of genuine ancient feathered creatures before the finish of the Cretaceous time frame (which might be credited to their expanded mobility). Despite the fact that theyre just remotely related, antiquated pterosaurs and present day flying creatures may share shared one significant element for all intents and purpose: a warm-blooded digestion. Theres proof that a few pterosaurs (like Sordes) donned layers of crude hair, a component for the most part connected with warm-blooded vertebrates, and its muddled if a merciless reptile could have produced enough inward vitality to support itself in flight. Like present day feathered creatures, pterosaurs were additionally recognized by their sharp vision (a need for chasing from several feet noticeable all around!), which involved a greater than-normal cerebrum than that controlled by earthbound or amphibian reptiles. Utilizing propelled strategies, researchers have even had the option to recreate the size and state of the minds of some pterosaur genera, demonstrating that they contained further developed coordination habitats than equivalent reptiles. Pterosaurs (winged reptiles) hold an exceptional spot throughout the entire existence of life on earth: they were the principal animals, other than creepy crawlies, to effectively populate the skies. The development of pterosaurs generally resembled that of their earthly cousins, the dinosaurs, as the little, basal types of the late Triassic time frame continuously offered approach to greater, further developed structures in the Jurassic and Cretaceous. Before we continue, however, its imperative to address one significant misguided judgment. Scientistss have discovered undeniable verification that cutting edge winged creatures are dropped not from pterosaurs, however from little, feathered, land-bound dinosaurs (truth be told, in the event that you could by one way or another analyze the DNA of a pigeon, a Tyrannosaurus Rex and a Pteranodon, the initial two would be more firmly identified with one another than either would be to the third). This is a case of what scholars call united advancement: nature has a method of finding similar arrangements (wings, empty bones, and so on.) to a similar issue (how to fly). The First Pterosaurs Just like the case with dinosaurs, scientistss dont yet have enough proof to recognize the single old, non-dinosaur reptile from which all pterosaurs advanced (the absence of a missing linksay, an earthbound archosaur with half-created folds of skinmay be cheering to creationists, yet you need to recall that fossilization involves possibility. Most ancient species arent spoke to in the fossil record, just in light of the fact that they kicked the bucket in conditions that didnt take into consideration their conservation.) The principal pterosaurs for which we have fossil proof thrived during the center to late Triassic period, around 230 to 200 million years back. These flying reptiles were portrayed by their little size and long tails, just as dark anatomical highlights (like the bone structures in their wings) that recognized them from the further developed pterosaurs that followed. These rhamphorhynchoid pterosaurs, as theyre called, incorporate Eudimorphodon (probably the soonest pterosaur known), Dorygnathus and Rhamphorhynchus, and they continued into the ahead of schedule to center Jurassi

IKEA Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

IKEA - Case Study Example Presently, representatives need inspiration since it gives them more motivation to work, other than the way that they have to procure their fixed pay rates. They have to have more motivations to get up ordinary, go to work and attempt their best in their assignments. It is critical to comprehend representative conduct in light of the fact that without this, organizations would lose benefit and addition a shortfall in their yield. IKEA, a Swedish home goods retailer, is known as the world's biggest originator and retailer of all around structured, reasonable, and practical furniture for the home. (IKEA: A Natural Step Case Study 1998) A Dutch-enrolled association runs IKEA and it has placed in 15% improvement every year in this previous ten years. INGKA Holding BV (the umbrella organization of IKEA) is completely claimed by the Stitching INGKA Foundation, a non-benefit establishment enlisted in the Netherlands. A great many clients visit their 378 stores in around 36 nations, with 30 increasingly set to open this year. A large portion of these stores are situated in Asia, Europe, Canada, Australia and the United States. Around 11, 000 items in IKEA's line are appeared in the 80 million lists that they disseminate. Concerning the assembling itself, IKEA does this in their own creation offices with the assistance of their 2400 providers in 65 nations. IKEA likewise brags of having a hold of representatives totaling to 36, 400. In 1943, IKEA was established by Ingvar Kamprad, at that point a multi year-old kid in Sweden. IKEA is an abbreviation containing the initials of the organizer's name (Ingvar Kamprad), the homestead where he grew up (Elmtaryd), and his home area (Agunnaryd, in Smland, South Sweden). (Wikipedia 2008) Kamprad in a matter of seconds changed his endeavor into a mail request administration which sells furniture. In 1953, he opened the first IKEA showroom. His essential system was to take into account the formation of weighty furniture which would give clients the simplicity to develop the items themselves and buy them at a reasonable cost as well. Presently, the IKEA representatives are available to the clients for requests and such yet the clients are allowed to choose, request, take and develop what furniture they pick. The cash spared by IKEA in consumptions was utilized to give clients limits. Not long after, the stores kicked greater and in the end off to convey eating places like cafés and recreational offices for youngsters like play territories. Kamprad unmistakably said in December 1976 that What is useful for our clients is likewise bravo over the long haul. (IKEA: A Natural Step Case Study 1998) What IKEA does Since 1990, IKEA has indicated intrigue and activity in advancing a natural push. With their Natural Step Framework, they mean to make an appropriate ecological arrangement. The said arrangement as a result realizes changes in IKEA's items and administrations so as to adjust to their structures standards and requests. In 1992, the ecological strategy was changed into an Environmental Action Plan depicting concrete and functional measures for the mid-1990s. (IKEA: A Natural

HBB Initiative World Day for Prevention of Child Abuse [November 19th, 2011]

HBB Initiative World Day for Prevention of Child Abuse [November 19th, 2011] Make Money Online Queries? Struggling To Get Traffic To Your Blog? Sign Up On (HBB) Forum Now!HBB Initiative: World Day for Prevention of Child Abuse [November 19th, 2011]Updated On 23/04/2017Author : Pradeep KumarTopic : Editorial FeaturedShort URL : http://hbb.me/2ozk6pL CONNECT WITH HBB ON SOCIAL MEDIA Follow @HellBoundBlogOn November 2011, we started something called HBB Initiative and we successfully implemented little plans on World Day for Prevention of Child Abuse [Nov 19th, 2010] and International Day of Persons with Disabilities [Dec 3rd, 2010]. I would like to thank you for showing your support during those stages.The main intention of this Initiative is to create social awareness and make bloggers to publish social related posts to help normal people, apart from providing constant tech related news.A single post wont change anything, but 100 or 1000, say 10K readers can make a difference. Established in 2000 by the Women’s World Summit Foundation, November 19 (today) is an international day to acknowledge the importance of preventing child abuse.What is Online Child Abuse?Online child abuse includes:Searching for, sharing and downloading images of children being physically and sexually abused.“Grooming” children in chat rooms with the intention of committing sexual abuse both online and off.I would like to stress the first point more, because if you do that, you are in fact encouraging online child abuse. Please dont do that![VIEW LARGER VERSION]Some Depressing Facts About Online Child AbuseCongressional Study says, with an estimated 24 million children now online, one out of five have been solicited for sex in the last year.A top Disney executive was recently arrested and charged with using the Internet to solicit sex with a minor.75% of children are willing to share personal information online about themselves and their family in exchange for goods and services.One in five U.S. teenagers who regularly log on to the Internet say they have received an unwanted sexual solicitation via the Web. Solicitations were defined as requests to engage in sexual activities or sexual talk, or to give personal sexual information.77% of the targets for online predators were age 14 or older. Another 22% were users ages 10 to 13.75 percent of the solicited youth were not troubled, 10 percent did not use chat rooms and 9 percent did not talk to strangers.Only 17 percent of youth and 11 percent of parents could name a specific authority, such as the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), CyberTipline, or an Internet service provider, to which they could report an Internet crime.Last, but not least, only 1/3 of the households with Internet access are proactively protecting their children!HBB Initiative Simple Things We Are Going To Do ( Why)I checked HBBs demographics recently, and delighted to see middle class working parents checking out our blog. So in one way or another these approaches will delight them.Help Parents = Help Children , so I decided to pick some 20-30 not-so-geek parents on my Facebook and Twitter friends list, of course, I wont be bothering them much.Im going to make them aware about the hazards of Social Networking sites and other Internet portals, the measures they should take to protect their children online. Advice they should give to their children (parents are the best teachers). I believe at least for the sake of their children, theyll take the next step.Provide Internet Security software . We may give it as free, as giveaway or with good discounts. Hopefully with the help of our partner Bifdefender we will implement within this month. Having a good Antivirus and Internet Security software solves almost 40% of the problems.Dark side of Internet and how to avoid it. This will be the theme of our upcoming articles we decided to publish for the next few months. It will be something like, HOW TO: Report Child Sexual Abuse Online [Save A Kid]. I was getting lot of traffic from this post, that might be a good thing in one way, but in reality lot of parents and affected kids would have been searching for solution, thats the truth and a single post can help them to take a decision.Search Reply. This will be a simple one. There are lots of unanswered queries on the web regarding Child Abuse. For instance, you can take Yahoo! Answers. If you have a Yahoo! account you can easily log in and reply to those queries. Believe me, your comment is not only valuable to the questioner but for millions of Yahoo! Answers users. Similar you can pick any QA portals.Ad dedication. I have decided to make use of HBBs leaderboard (728 x 90) or Banner (468 x 60) ad slot in a social way. For a couple of days, Ill allocate this ad slot for some social causes. If you own any Non-profit organisation or charity related to this theme, and especially if you save money to help others, you can contact me regarding this advertisement.[VIEW LARGER VERSION]Ill be happy to do something in person, but my co llege exams are blocking it. Each and every single step you take makes a difference. On an average, this post 10+ Tips To Identify Fake Profiles On Facebook of mine generates 3-5 queries per day. I have been getting many emails with messages like, my child is being abused by a stranger. he uses her pic and edits it in an ugly way. I was really depressed that I cant help them 100%. But when we are part of their solution, that makes us to think more, write more.You can also start with writing security related posts, for social media, for email, for computers and so on.Posted in Public Interest for November 19th, World Day For Prevention Of Child AbuseREAD15+ Blogging Tactics I Learned From 'Porn'

The Theory Of Crime The Classical View - 960 Words

There are two main views that explain who or what may be responsible for crime: The classical view, which views crime as a result of a person’s decision to commit a crime. This is due to the belief that every human has free will and are therefore responsible for their actions. The second view is the positivist view, this view believes that a person’s decisions are not made due to free will, but shaped by society and the environment that they live in. From these two main views branched many different views to explain who or what may be responsible for crime; known as criminal behavioral theories. Influenced by the classical theory is the rational choice theory, all the other theories; biosocial, psychological, social learning, and social structure is influenced by the positivist view. The rational choice theory believes that when the reward â€Å"rationally â€Å"outweighs the punishment than a crime will be committed. There are two different views on this theory. Firstly, the lifestyle theory, which believes that the youth chooses to live against the rules of society. Secondly, the routine activity theory that suggests that crime is committed when an offender has an easy target, with no one or no security to guard it, and there is a motivated offender. The weaknesses of this theory are that not every offender is â€Å"rational† when they decide to commit a crime. They may be under the influence of drugs or alcohol, which would affect their rational thinking. Therefore, they may commit aShow MoreRelatedBiological and Classical School1265 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction The Classical School of criminology emerged during the eighteenth century after the European Enlightenment period. It was during this time that law enforcement and laws were disparate and unjust and punishment was brutal. Members of the Classical School would demand justice that based on equality and human punishment that was appropriate for the offense. 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However, while free will and rational choice sought to explain criminality, other theorists began to consider that some individuals are biologically predisposed to criminal behavior. The development of the Classical School of thought in Criminology was a direct result of the EnlightenmentRead MoreClassical Theory of Criminology Essay1523 Words   |  7 PagesCriminology is the study of why individuals engage or commit crimes and the reasons as to why they behave in certain ways in different situations (Hagan, 2010). Through understanding the reasons or why an individual commits a crime, one can come up with ways to prevent and control crime or rehabilitate criminals. There exist a large number of criminology theories, some link crime to an individual or person; they believe a person weighs the cons and pros and makes a conscious decision on whether toRead MoreClassicalism vs. Positivism1546 Words   |  7 PagesClassicalism vs. Positivism What is crime? What makes people commit crimes and how can we stop it? These, and many other questions similar to these, are asked by criminologists everyday. Criminology is an ever growing field, mainly because there is more and more research occurring and new theories linking people and crime coming out everyday. Below the main field of criminology there are many subfields that have different theories and philosophies on what they believe link criminal behaviorRead MoreBiological Determinism And Crime Of Criminology1595 Words   |  7 PagesCriminality Throughout the history of criminology, each theory dominates and gains support than others though different period of time. This essay will first discuss the argument for biological determinism which mainly focuses on phrenology. The idea of Darwinism also links to Lombroso’s idea that a person’s bad behavior can be predicted and should be eliminated will also be discussed. 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Many of the ideas they held were unique, however, some key principles are still in use by there modern counterparts. Classical psychological theories, focused on two main concepts; personality and behaviorism. Personality theories helped improve cognitive sciences and behaviorism called attention to social learning with a focus on behavioral conditioning. For example, Ivan Pavlov, a prominentRead MoreThe Theory Of Criminal Behavior1608 Words   |  7 Pagesare still unsure what the definition of crime is. In general, crimes are acts that are punishable by the law. Sociologically, crime is a complicated word to define as almost every individual has their own meaning for it. This paper will analyze the case of Michael Briere and look at the causes of his criminal behaviour through the three different criminological schools of thought: classical, positivist, and sociological. There are a number of concepts of crime including human nature, the society,Read MoreUnderstanding Criminals Essay978 Words   |  4 PagesIt is hard for anyone to grasp the concept or be able to understand why people commit heinous crimes or engage in criminal activities. We as human beings are all capable of committing or engaging in delinquent behavior. What stands in the way of a person that makes them decided to engage in deviant behavior or to choose not to commit crimes at all? We may never truly know or understand the real reasons behind why certain people make decisions like these everyday. Early philosophers and scientists

Understanding of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Free Essay Example, 2500 words

In a new development to understand the neurobiology of OCD, scientists at University of Cambridge's Department of Psychiatry used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to evaluate brain activity in the lateral orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). It is located in the frontal lobes and helps in decision making and behavior. The scientists have observed that people with OCD and their close family members show under-activation of brain areas responsible for preventing repetitive behavior. The normal controls and OCD patients participated in the study. They were asked to look at superimposed pictures of a house and a face. The participants were asked to employ trial and error to find out whether the house or face was the correct target. They pressed a button to indicate which image they believed to be the target and response as 'correct' or 'incorrect' flashed on the screen. After the correct target had been identified six times continuously, it changed so the participant had to learn again. The fMRI was used to monitor their patterns of brain activity throughout. Later comparison of fMRI images of their brain activity throughout showed under-activation in the lateral orbitofrontal cortex and other brain areas in both the OCD patients and their family members. We will write a custom essay sample on Understanding of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page The behavior theory of OCD explains that normal intrusive thoughts, impulses, and images become associated with anxiety that has failed to subside (Swinson, 2001). The behavioral theories hypothesize that a neutral event evokes fear when associated with the offending stimulus.

How Are the Two Female Protagonists Offred from “the...

â€Å"How are the two female protagonists Offred from â€Å"The Handmaid’s Tale† by Magaret Atwood and Celie from â€Å"The Color Purple† by Alice Walker oppressed by men, in what ways are their situations similar and how do they deal with the pressure and abuse?† Abstract The purpose of this essay is to look at how the two protagonist women, Offred from â€Å"The Handmaid’s Tale† and Celie from â€Å"The Color Purple† are treated in literature. This essay aims to answer the question: â€Å"How are the two protagonist women Offred from â€Å"The handmaid’s tale† and Celie from â€Å"The Color Purple† oppressed by the circumstances, the society they live in and the men in their lives and in what ways are their situations are similar?†, focusing on the similarities between their†¦show more content†¦She is subservient and dependent to men, Celie must obey her husband and take care of his children and do the housework. There are numerous scenes of violence throughout the first half of the novel, Celie is sexually abused by her father and Mr. ____. In one of her letters to God, Celie writes about her children. She writes that they were conceived through incest by her stepfather and killed thereafter. Nettie who is Celie’s sister comforts Celie and takes care of her by not judging her and offering her understanding. Because Celie is not allowed to go to school but has to work at home, Nettie teaches her what she is learning at school. In return, Celie agrees to take care of her. Throughout the novel, Alice Walker takes the young girl on a journey of self-discovery, â€Å" I feels like shit but I felt like shit before in my life (†¦) The first two months was hell though, I tell the world (†¦) And I try to teach my heart not to want nothing it cant have.† Celie also talks about her stepfather and how even though she had children from him, she does not hate him, â€Å"I don’t hate him (†¦) Look like he trying to make something out of himself. (†¦) When you talk to him now he really listen.† Celie realizes that people can change and she believes even her stepfather has changed and has become a better person, regardless of what he has done to her. Celie escapes from her oppressive husband when she

Kathy free essay sample

Whenshe smiled at me I felt my muscles begin to relax, and I let out a sigh as Ismiled back. Kathy was one of the first waitresses I met when I started workingat Luigis, a small Italian restaurant. What was supposed to be a summer jobturned into two of the most valuable years of my life. Walking intoLuigis that first night, I was thrust into the real world. I didnt know anyone,and my co-workers gave me no special treatment when they saw I was a shy15-year-old. My managers did not help me, they just told me what to do and I didit. Allison, these customers are impatient. You need to clear thattable faster, set it up, and dont forget the menus this time. Those ordersare still clear in my mind from that first night as a busgirl. I stumbled aroundthe restaurant and dropped some dishes within my first few hours. We will write a custom essay sample on Kathy or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I wasfrustrated and tense until I saw Kathy. Kathys warm expressioninstantly put me at ease. She smiled and shook my hand without hesitation.So youre Allison. Thats a pretty name. If you need anything, just askme, she offered. Eventually the night slowed. The last customersfinished their meals, and I started cleaning. My legs hurt and my head was stillspinning when Kathy quietly approached. You were fantastic,Allison. I know it is so hard at first, but youll get used to it. Youllsee, she reassured me. I smiled and nodded. Suddenly, she hugged me. I hadjust met my new best friend, and as odd as it seems, she is a 55-year-oldwoman. Kathy is more than just a friend, though. She is my second mom.Kathy embodies everything that I want to be. She is kind and gentle, and, at thesame time, strong and wise. Kathy works two waitressing jobs. She servesothers all day long, but at the end of every night, she never fails to offer ahelping hand to those who are cleaning. Kathy is the best listener I know, andshe doesnt leave until she has helped solve your problem. During thepast two years I have worked with Kathy, I have grown into a young woman. Thattime has been filled with heartbreaks and many fights with friends. The instant Ifeel tears coming, I drive down to Luigis to see Kathy. She sits me down at abooth and we talk. I just dont understand why he doesnt like me;why cant he just give me a chance? I spill all my feelings onto the table.Kathy takes my hand, reassures me that there will be other boys, and holds meuntil I stop crying. Kathy shares in my happiness as well. She loveshearing about school, and over spaghetti and meatballs we chat about where I willgo to college, how much money she made in tips that night, and how my friends aredoing. The 38-year difference in our age does not come between the giggles andsympathetic hugs. I dont know if I would have gotten through that first summerwithout Kathy, nor do I know if I would be the young woman I am today withouther. Kathy will always be my friend, my mentor, and my second mom.